Although Augustine's traditional attribute was the burning heart as far back as the 15th century, Philippe de Champaigne gives the motifs a new fiery drama in accord with a modern, Catholic Counter-Reformation emphasis on feeling and the burning heart. The latter appeared in the late 16th and early 17th century as a major motif in Jesuit emblem books and a leitmotiv in Pozzo's famous ceiling fresco of the Triumph of St. Ignatius. Images from Pozzo appear above in this photo album. .
